1 This document contains a description of portable OpenSSH's random
2 number collection code. An alternate reading of this text could
3 well be titled "Why I should pressure my system vendor to supply
4 /dev/random in their OS".
6 Why is this important? OpenSSH depends on good, unpredictable numbers
7 for generating keys, performing digital signatures and forming
8 cryptographic challenges. If the random numbers that it uses are
9 predictable, then the strength of the whole system is compromised.
11 A particularly pernicious problem arises with DSA keys (used by the
12 ssh2 protocol). Performing a DSA signature (which is required for
13 authentication), entails the use of a 160 bit random number. If an
14 attacker can predict this number, then they can deduce your *private*
15 key and impersonate you or your hosts.
17 If you are using the builtin random number support (configure will
18 tell you if this is the case), then read this document in its entirety.
19 Alternately, you can use Lutz Jaenicke's PRNGd - a small daemon which
20 collects random numbers and makes them available by a socket.
22 Please also request that your OS vendor provides a kernel-based random
23 number collector (/dev/random) in future versions of your operating
26 On to the description...
28 The portable OpenSSH contains random number collection support for
29 systems which lack a kernel entropy pool (/dev/random).
31 This collector (as of 3.1 and beyond) comes as an external application
32 that allows the local admin to decide on how to implement entropy
35 The default entropy collector operates by executing the programs listed
36 in ($etcdir)/ssh_prng_cmds, reading their output and adding it to the
37 PRNG supplied by OpenSSL (which is hash-based). It also stirs in the
38 output of several system calls and timings from the execution of the
39 programs that it runs.
41 The ssh_prng_cmds file also specifies a 'rate' for each program. This
42 represents the number of bits of randomness per byte of output from
43 the specified program.
45 The random number code will also read and save a seed file to
46 ~/.ssh/prng_seed. This contents of this file are added to the random
47 number generator at startup. The goal here is to maintain as much
48 randomness between sessions as possible.
50 The default entropy collection code has two main problems:
54 Executing each program in the list can take a large amount of time,
55 especially on slower machines. Additionally some program can take a
56 disproportionate time to execute.
58 Tuning the random helper can be done by running ./ssh-random-helper in
59 very verbose mode ("-vvv") and identifying the commands that are taking
60 excessive amounts of time or hanging altogher. Any problem commands can
61 be modified or removed from ssh_prng_cmds.
63 The default entropy collector will timeout programs which take too long
64 to execute, the actual timeout used can be adjusted with the
65 --with-entropy-timeout configure option. OpenSSH will not try to
66 re-execute programs which have not been found, have had a non-zero
67 exit status or have timed out more than a couple of times.
69 2. Estimating the real 'rate' of program outputs is non-trivial
71 The shear volume of the task is problematic: there are currently
72 around 50 commands in the ssh_prng_cmds list, portable OpenSSH
73 supports at least 12 different OSs. That is already 600 sets of data
74 to be analysed, without taking into account the numerous differences
75 between versions of each OS.
77 On top of this, the different commands can produce varying amounts of
78 usable data depending on how busy the machine is, how long it has been
79 up and various other factors.
81 To make matters even more complex, some of the commands are reporting
82 largely the same data as other commands (eg. the various "ps" calls).
85 How to avoid the default entropy code?
87 The best way is to read the OpenSSL documentation and recompile OpenSSL
88 to use prngd or egd. Some platforms (like earily solaris) have 3rd
89 party /dev/random devices that can be also used for this task.
91 If you are forced to use ssh-rand-helper consider still downloading
92 prngd/egd and configure OpenSSH using --with-prngd-port=xx or
93 --with-prngd-socket=xx (refer to INSTALL for more information).
95 $Id: WARNING.RNG,v 1.8 2005/05/26 01:47:54 djm Exp $