1 <& /page/page_title.mas, title => 'Functional Screens to Identify Secreted Proteins' &>
3 <div class="page_introduction">
5 We have been developing and applying functional screens to identify
6 genes encoding secreted proteins. The genes are identified based on
7 the ultimate localization of the encoded protein, utilizing protein
8 markers whose activities confirm targeting to the cell surface.
12 <&| /page/info_section.mas, title => 'Yeast Secretion Trap (YST) Screen' &>
14 <div style="width: 330px; margin: 0; margin-right: 2em; float: left" class="captioned_image caption_right">
16 <img src="/documents/img/secretom/YST_control_170.jpg" />
19 Sucrose plate with no yeast colonies growing (negative control).
25 The YST screen can be used to test a specific cDNA of interest, or to
26 screen a cDNA library. The screen uses invertase, an enzyme that
27 hydrolyzes sucrose to generate glucose and fructose, as a reporter
28 gene/protein and yeast (<span class="species_binomial">S. cerevisiae</span>)
29 as a host. If yeast cells are streaked onto plates containing sucrose
30 as the sole carbon source, they must secrete invertase to break down
31 the sucrose in order to grow, and so an invertase-deficient yeast
32 mutant will be unable to grow.
36 <div style="width: 330px; margin: 0; margin-right: 2em; float: left" class="captioned_image caption_right">
38 <img src="/documents/img/secretom/YST_transformed_170.jpg" />
41 Sucrose plate showing yeast colonies transformed with the YST vector library.
49 This system can also identify plasma membrane (PM)-spanning or
50 PM-anchored proteins if the orientation of the fusion protein is such
51 that the invertase component is external to the cell. The resulting
52 yeast transformants can then be isolated and the plasmids containing
53 the heterologous transgenes sequenced, allowing identification of the
54 secreted protein. We typically also confirm the localization of
55 candidates of interest by transient expression as GFP fusion proteins
56 in onion epidermal cells, coupled with staining using the FM-64 dye to
57 co-stain for the plasma membrane,
63 <&| /page/info_section.mas, title => 'Necrosis Inducing Protein (NIP) Secretion Trap Screen' &>
65 <div style="width: 350px; float: right; margin: 0 0 10px 20px;" class="captioned_image caption_left">
67 <img src="/documents/img/secretom/N_benth_NIP_x210.jpg" />
69 <p style="text-align: left">
70 A <span class="species_binomial">Nicotiana benthamiana</span> leaf
71 showing regions of HR indicating the presence of a secreted
78 We have also developed a new technique termed the NIP secretion trap
79 screen. Briefly, this involves ligating cDNAs in frame at the 5’
80 end of the DNA sequence encoding a gene termed necrosis-inducing
81 protein (NIP) that has been truncated to remove the native secretory
82 signal peptide. NIP was identified from the oomycete Phytophthora
83 sojae, as a protein that induces a hypersensitive response (HR),
84 resulting in cell death, in leaves of some plants when present in the
85 apoplast. It does not cause HR when expressed in the plant
86 cytosol. Constructs containing individual cDNA::Nip fusions are
87 transformed into <span class="species_binomial">Agrobacterium
88 tumefaciens</span>, which is then infiltrated into the apoplastic
89 compartment of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Any proteins encoding SPs
90 will be secreted from infected plant cells as NIP fusion proteins,
91 causing a readily detectable HR.
95 The Nip fusion assay is a convenient and rapid means to confirm
96 secretion of proteins in planta and complements the YST screen.
101 <&| /page/info_section.mas, title => 'Objectives', is_subsection => 0 &>
103 <div style="width: 230px; margin: 0 0 10px 20px; float: right" class="captioned_image">
105 <img src="/documents/img/secretom/onion_cyto_secreted_200.jpg" />
107 <p style="text-align: left">
108 A cytoplasmic protein (green) and a secreted protein (red) in
109 plasmolyzed onion cells. Scale bar represents 50 microns.
116 Screen a range of tomato tissues for genes encoding secreted
117 proteins, focusing particularly on fruit development and leaves at
118 various stages of infections with <span class="species_binomial">
119 Phytopthora infestans</span>.
122 Annotate the corresponding genes and confirm their localization in
123 the cell wall by transient expression as fluorescent fusion proteins
124 in onion epidermal cells.
127 Further examine the localization and trafficking pathways of
128 candidates that show unexpected localization in the apoplast.
135 To date we have identified both known cell wall localized proteins as
136 well as a number of proteins whose presence in the apoplast is
137 unexpected, based on functional annotation, or the absence of a
138 predicted secretory signal peptide, suggesting alternative
139 non-canonical secretion pathways, as have describe in yeast and
140 mammalian cells. We have also identified several proteins that show
141 dual localization in the wall an intracellular compartments, and we
142 are now characterizing some of the complexity in the secretory
148 <&| /secretom/section_templates/data_items.mas &>
149 - text: "Tomato (cv. Ailsa Craig) fruit (multiple growth and ripening stages): YST clones"
150 ref: /download/data/secretom/Functional_screens/Tomato_fruit_YST_clones.xlsx
151 - text: "Tomato (cv. Ailsa Craig) leaves infected with Phytophthora infestans: YST clones"
154 <&| /secretom/section_templates/publications.mas &>
156 Yamane, H., Lee, S.-J., Kim, B.-D., Tao, R. and Rose, J.K.C. (2005) A coupled yeast signal sequence trap and transient plant expression strategy to identify and confirm genes encoding extracellular proteins from peach pistils. Journal of Experimental Botany 56: 2229-2238.
158 Lee, S.-J. Kelley, B., Damasceno, C.M.B., St. John, B., Kim, B.-S. Kim, B.-D. and Rose, J.K.C. (2006) A functional screen to characterize the secretomes of eukaryotic phytopathogens and their hosts in planta. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 12: 1368-1377.
160 Lee, S.-J., Kim, B.-D. and Rose, J.K.C. (2006) Identification of eukaryotic secreted and cell surface proteins using the yeast secretion trap screen. Nature Protocols 1: 2439-2447.
162 Kelley, B.S., Lee, S.-J., Damasceno, C.M.B., Chakravarthy, S., Kim, B.-D., Martin, G.B. and Rose, J.K.C. (2010) A secreted effector protein (SNE1) from Phytophthora infestans is a broadly acting suppressor of programmed cell death. The Plant Journal 62: 357-366.
164 Lee, S.-J. and Rose, J.K.C. (2010) Mediation of the transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy in hemibiotrophic plant pathogens by secreted effector proteins. Plant Signaling and Behavior 5/6: 1559-2316.
166 Lee, S.-J. and Rose, J.K.C. (2010) Characterization of the plant cell wall proteome using high throughput screens (In press Methods in Molecular Biology).